The PROTEIN scenario, characterized by the introduction in the cropping system of protein rich crops (whole plant soy silage and alfalfa hay) can be considered the best one in a global perspective. The analysis of alternative cropping system scenarios for milk production showed that the cropping system based on alfalfa and grass hays (HAY scenario) had the lowest self-sufficiency in terms of DM and the highest values of all impact categories per kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM). The high variability of forage quality suggests a great room for improvement in terms of mitigation potentials. Alfalfa showed also the lowest values of acidification and eutrophication when they were expressed as unit of land. ![]() Primary data were collected by direct interviews in 134 dairy farms located in Lombardy Region (Northern Italy).Īmong the most common fodder crops grown in Northern Italy, alfalfa preserved as silage and, although with a lesser extent, the double cropping system “whole plant maize silage-Italian ryegrass hay” showed the best environmental performances especially when the impact are expressed per unit of net energy for lactation or digestible protein in the intestine. Moreover four scenarios (BASE, HAY, SILAGE, PROTEIN) characterized by different cropping systems were hypothesized to assess the environmental impact of milk production from cradle to farm gate in an intensive farming system. The environmental impact of the most common home-grown feeds was calculated from cradle-to-the-animal’s mouth expressing the different categories per hectare and per unit of net energy for lactation and protein digested in the small intestine when rumen-fermentable nitrogen is the limiting factor (PDIN). The aim of the study was to assess the environmental performances of the most common home-grown fodder crops in Northern Italy and to analyse the impacts of different cropping system scenarios for milk production, through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. Material from a collection of broadside ballads published in Manchester in the 1860s and 1870s is used to show that during this formative period Irishness took a variety of forms, some of them highly ambiguous.Īnimal feeding is a critical point in terms of both production efficiency and environmental impact for the livestock sector and farmer choices about home-grown feed can have great influence on environmental impact of milk production. Irishness in the nineteenth century was therefore a contested identity, and nowhere more so than amongst the Irish who had settled in British industrial cities during the early decades of the century. ![]() Whilst Catholics were redefined into Britishness during the nineteenth century and some efforts were made to do the same for the Irish after 1800, the grudging way in which concessions were granted and the ambivalent and contradictory attitudes towards the place of the Irish within the British state stimulated them to begin the construction of a distinct alternative identity. Another was the Irish, who were constructed with a variety of vices to emphasise English and British superiority. In the case of the English and British nation one historic Other was Roman Catholicism, especially as represented by the succession of European powers against which Great Britain waged a long series of wars from the sixteenth century onwards. One of their most characteristic features is the creation of an ‘Other’ against which a diverse population can rally and define their own identity. The concepts of ‘nation’ and ‘nationalism’ are resilient and flexible social constructs which for the most part were formulated during the nineteenth century.
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